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Tokyo ( 东京 , Tokyo ? , literally “Eastern capital” ) , formerly Edo ( 江戸? ) , is the capital of the administrative Japan since 1868 , as a place of residence of the Emperor of Japan , the Prime Minister , the seat of the Diet (the parliament of Japan), the Cabinet , all departments that constitute and all foreign embassies. This status is not defined by the 1947 Constitution . It is the main political center of the archipelago since the xvii th century. It is characterized by its skyscrapers, its stores of electronic products and high technology, but also by its many shrines Shinto temples and Buddhist , and its narrow streets and neighborhoods with unique atmospheres. The metropolis of Tokyo and Tokyo prefecture ( 东京都 , Tōkyō-to ? ) form one of the 47 prefectures of Japan , but has a special administrative status of metropolitan prefecture. The Tokyo metropolitan area , however, extends beyond the boundaries of the prefecture, shining on a large section of the

Tokyo Bay and the region of Kant

o . With nearly 38 million inhabitants, the Tokyo metropolitan area, regardless of how it is defined, as the urban area the most populous in the world 2 .

The term may refer to Tokyo several different situations, whether geographically, urban or administrative.

The 23 special wards of Tokyo

The 23 special wards replace the former city of Tokyo, disbanded in 1943 . Administratively, they form separate municipalities each, comparable to the other common type of urban administrative organization of Japan , the “cities” , except they have a limited jurisdiction over to them, like for example arrondissements of Paris . The prefectural government has particular support some utilities traditionally belonging to the municipal level as water supply, wastewater treatment and public services, while the boroughs do not have their own income, living only transfers Financial granted by the prefecture. However, they each, like other common Japanese, a deliberative assembly and a mayor elected by direct universal suffrage every four years. These special districts meet more than eight million people on 617 km 2 , about 14 000 inhabitants / km 2 .
Central Tokyo
By central Tokyo, you can hear the 23 special wards. In a narrower sense, how to get your ex back the term can refer to the 10 districts surrounded by the Yamanote , a large circular train line: Minato , Shinagawa , Shibuya , Shinjuku , Toshima , Kita , Arakawa , Taito , Chiyoda and Minato (the only one n be not directly served by the line). More closely the center may refer to the three most central boroughs that make up the historic heart of old Edo, namely Chūō (whose name means also literally “center” in Japanese), Minato (the “port” history, as its name suggests) and Chiyoda , and neighborhoods along the river Sumida ( Nihonbashi , Kanda , Ueno , Asakusa , Honjo , Fukagawa ). Central Tokyo is traditionally distinguished into two parts: Shitamachi and Yamanote.
First southwest “Yamanote” ( 山の手? , literally “hand of the mountain” and meaning “mountain side” or “high city” ) which included the Edo period residences of the aristocracy around the residence of shoguns at Edo Castle , which corresponds to the districts of Shinjuku , Bunkyo , Taito and partly those of Chiyoda (around the current Imperial Palace , or online reputation management the south of the borough) and Chūō (the limit west of the district “) 8 , 9 .
On the other hand, northeast, Shitamachi ( 下町? , literally “low town” ) gives the old neighborhoods and commercial center and the old craft of old Tokyo and includes the neighborhoods bordering the River Sumida namely those of Kanda (north of Chiyoda ), Nihonbashi and Kyobashi (is Chūō ) Shitaya (current district of Ueno ) and Asakusa (district of Taito ), Honjo (west of Sumida ) and Fukagawa (west of Koto ) 10 . If the social distinction and functional history no longer exists, the two terms are still used today in a geographical sense, even identity for blucigs the people of both parties, to distinguish north from south of downtown.
Most historic buildings in Tokyo are in this area, especially in the neighborhood of Asakusa particularly rich in religious buildings, including especially the temple Buddhist Senso-ji Temple (dedicated to the bodhisattva Kannon , this is the oldest temple in Tokyo 11 , originally built in 645 , and ancient temple guardian of the dynasty of Shogun Tokugawa 12 , it was partly destroyed by American bombing in 1945 but rebuilt exactly, its monumental gates, called Hōzōmon , are the only monuments of metropolis to be classified as National Treasury ). The shrines Shinto of Asakusa (dedicated to the founders of the temple, one of the busiest in the city, and one of the few to have survived completely earthquake in 1923 and U.S. bombings of 1945 and dating from 1649 ) and Kume-no Heinai dō (dedicated to Kume no Heinai, a samurai of the xvii th century , destroyed in 1945 but rebuilt in 1978 ). Other monuments in Tokyo are the Edo Castle and current Kokyo (some walls and moats are remnants of the suspension lift original fortress of xv th century ), the Zojo-ji (Temple Buddhist to Buddha Amida and former main mausoleum of Shogun Tokugawa to Shiba in the district of Minato ), the five-level pagoda zoo in Ueno or the Nihonbashi (famous bridge from the xvii th century in the neighborhood of the same name and the district of Chūō , it marked the starting point of Tōkaidō , main road connecting Edo to Kyoto , which is still used today and point 0 to the mileage of roads in Japan).

Tokyo Prefecture

Map of the prefecture of Tokyo
Tokyo prefecture or metropolis of Tokyo ( 东京都 , Tōkyō-to ? ) includes 23 special wards , which form its eastern half, and other communities, namely:
26 cities ,
the rural district of Nishitama which includes three villages and one town ,
and four sub-prefectures in the archipelagos of the Pacific Islands of Izu and Ogasawara Islands , which were subdivided into two towns and seven villages , not united car insurance in districts .
It does not overlap with the Tokyo metropolitan area: it includes rural areas, in the hills west of Tama, while the town spreads widely in neighboring prefectures. In addition it has jurisdiction over territories rather scattered through the Pacific Islands.
Greater Tokyo

Tokyo seen by SPOT

Great Metropolitan Area of ​​Kanto
The Japanese authorities use several ways to designate the Greater Tokyo 13 .
” One Metropolis, Three Prefectures ” ( 一都三県 , Itto Sanken ? ) , more geographical statistics, it includes the Tokyo metropolitan prefecture and three neighboring prefectures of Chiba , Kanagawa and Saitama , half-southern Kanto . This is the definition most used even if it is incomplete, since it includes at its periphery in rural areas, especially in half-east of Chiba , while the suburbs of the Japanese capital are present in other prefectures.
the ” Great Metropolitan Area of Kanto ” ( 关东大都市圏 , Kantō Dai-toshi-ken ? ) , which is one of two official definitions used by the Statistics Bureau of Japan, which is close to the French definition of a urban area : these are all common with at least 1.5% of its population aged 15 or more moves daily by a pendulum to one of four designated cities in the region ( Yokohama , Kawasaki , Chiba and Saitama ) or to one of the special wards of Tokyo . In the census of 2000 , it had 34.6 million inhabitants.
the ” mileage Aires Tokyo ” ( 東京キロ圏 , Tokyo kiro-ken ? ) is another definition used by the ONS, although less common because less reliable. This is the municipality that is wholly or partly in fashion in Tokyo Japan concentric circles of increasing radius in steps of 10 km , up to a maximum radius of 70 km , compared to the former headquarters of the Tokyo metropolitan government in Shinjuku . Population censuses to establish Tokyo two figures: that of the 70 km radius, called area of 70 km from Tokyo ( 东京キロ圏70 , Tokyo 70-kiro-ken ? ) who is given the widest supposed to approach the more than one Grand Tokyo on a plane almost geometric, and the radius of 50 km radius, called area of 50 km from Tokyo ( 东京キロ圏50 , Tokyo 50-kiro-ken ? ) or “major metropolitan area Tokyo ” ( 东京大都市圏 , Tokyo Dai-toshi-ken ? ) 14 . This figure does not include the new suburban areas that extend beyond glove finger along major transport routes, and also includes many rural areas entirely. It was a set of 31.714 million people (for the radius of 50 km ) in 2005 15 (30,724,311 in 2000 ) and 34394000 (for the radius of 70 km ) in 2000 16 .
“Greater Metropolitan Area employment Tokyo” ( 东京大都市雇用圏 , Koyo Tokyo Dai-toshi-ken ? ) , close to the “Greater Metropolitan Area of Kanto” except that it defines the urban area of districts of Tokyo and not in other urban centers of the conurbation of Kanto, this definition is that developed and used by the Service Centre of the spatial information of the University of Tokyo . It had 31.7 million tria laser hair removal inhabitants in 2000 .
the “National Capital Region” ( 首都圏 , Shuto-ken ? ) , defined as more political and administrative statistics, defined by the law of planning National Capital Region 1956 , which formally includes all seven prefectures in the Kanto ( Chiba , Gunma , Ibaraki , Kanagawa , Saitama , Tochigi and Tokyo) and the Yamanashi Prefecture , is well beyond the actual city Tokyo, it is legally all the space that can accommodate national institutions (even if, in fact, they are all concentrated in the special wards of Tokyo). However, the term of Shuto-ken is most commonly used, in an informal setting, to designate the Greater Tokyo.
Within the meaning of the United Nations , the urban area of Tokyo- Yokohama , near the “Great Metropolitan Area of Kanto” defined by the Statistics Bureau of Japan, is the world’s most populous. It includes most of the prefectures Chiba , Kanagawa , Saitama , and some parts of other prefectures. It counts in 2007 35,676,000 people 17 occupying space continuous built (the second in the world after the carpet cleaning Kansas City Great New York ) of 7 835 km 2 18 or approxiativement 4553 inhabitants / km 2 , and over a quarter of the total population of Japan (27.9%) residing in a little over 2% of the country.
Finally, in a statistical sense broader, the metropolitan area of Tokyo, following the definition used to delineate one of New York , includes almost all of the prefectures of Chiba , Kanagawa and Saitama , but also the surrounding areas less urbanized being parts of the prefectures of Gunma , Tochigi and Ibaraki and north of the Izu Peninsula , in Shizuoka Prefecture , southwest. She then has a population estimated in February 2008 to 39.2 million inhabitants and stretches over 16 400 km 2 . This urban area has a population density of about 2400 inhabitants / km 2 .
It is the downtown core and the eastern boundary of the Taiheiyo Belt , the megalopolis Japanese covers 1 200 km northeast of Tokyo is to Fukuoka in the south-west, passing through the triangle Osaka – Kobe – Kyoto (the conurbation Keihanshin ) and following the south coast of Honshu and extending north of Kyushu , and meets approximately 83 million people.
History

Tokugawa Ieyasu , first shogun of the dynasty of Tokugawa , who took capital to Edo
In feudal times, the current prefecture of Tokyo was part of the province of Musashi , and more specifically, to the Sengoku period , the domain of Clan Go-Hojo . After the defeat of the latter facing Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1590 , it offers the nine provinces in the region of Kanto to Tokugawa Ieyasu who then chooses the small village of Edo, centered around a castle built in 1457 , to serve capital in its field.

Map of Edo (Tokyo) in the XVIII th century

Panorama of Edo in 1865

Ieyasu became Shogun after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and Edo became the de facto political center of Japan , opening what historians call the Edo era , even if officially Kyoto is the capital and residence of emperors . All daimyo had a residence in Edo and it automobile insurance was their wives and son remain heirs. The town soon gathers a large population and dense and so, despite the Great Fire of Meireki in 1657 that destroyed much of the city and killed nearly 100,000 people, Edo account xviii th century nearly one million inhabitants on a population of 30 million for all Japan .
In July 1868 , following the ” Meiji Revolution , “the Emperor Mutsuhito chose Edo as a new place of residence and the city was renamed Tokyo , “the capital of the East”. In 1868 , the special government of Tokyo ( 东京府 , Tōkyō-fu ? ) is founded by consolidating the urban area (divided into 15 districts in 1877 ) and surrounding (6 districts), and in 1889 the 15 districts form the “City Tokyo ” ( 东京市 , Tokyo-shi ? ) . In 1932 , five of the six districts met in the town of Tokyo which now has 35 districts.
In 1947 , the prefecture and the city of Tokyo merged (also by absorbing district in the West) and “Tokyo Metropolitan Prefecture” ( Tōkyō-to ) was created. The municipality of Tokyo no longer exists, its boroughs, reorganized into the current 23 special wards , becoming separate municipalities, but it constitutes one prefecture to the special status given its function as capital.
The prefecture was hit hard in the first half of the xx th century, first by the Kanto earthquake of 1923 (by 142 807 people dead or missing) and then by numerous bombings it endured during the War world (over 100 000 deaths). Much of the city was destroyed during these two disasters, resulting each time the need for major reconstruction. This explains why, while retaining a number of ancient historical monuments, most of the city has developed a particularly modern architecture. Between 1946 and 1948 , Tokyo was the site International Military Tribunal for the Far East , better known as the Tokyo Tribunal for the Prosecution of the largest Japanese war criminals.
The Summer Olympics of 1964 took place in Tokyo, which was then during the construction of numerous infrastructure (including highways and transport). Subsequently, the city has experienced phenomenal growth during the economic boom in the Japan during the 1960s (10% of economic growth on average per year), 1,970 (5% growth) and 1980 (4%), the urban area, the largest in the world in terms of number of inhabitants, now largely beyond the borders of the prefecture and completely encompassing the neighboring prefectures of Kanagawa , Saitama and partly that of Chiba .
In 1995 a terrorist attack in sarin by the Aum sect in the Tokyo subway is twelve dead and 5500 injured.
Administration

Adopted in June 1989, the official symbol of Tokyo is a sheet of Ginkgo biloba shaped green T for Tokyo. As a sign of growth, prosperity, tranquility and charm.
The Metropolis of Tokyo ( 东京都 , Tōkyō-to ? ) form a prefecture with special status, enjoying greater autonomy than others, particularly by combining the full range of powers at the prefectural level (in transport , education, infrastructure, security) with the powers usually held by municipalities . This is particularly the case in the territory of the 23 districts where it operates in their place and uniformly skills normally municipal waste water treatment, water supply and the fight against fire (they are of Besides generally exercised by the prefectural level on most of the metropolitan territory, with the exception of some municipalities, but through partnership agreements between them and the city as they are simply removed from the jurisdiction districts of 19 ). So it collects local taxation is related to these skills, such as local tax on companies or the tax on fixed assets, and distributes a portion via an allocation between districts based on the administrative burdens carried by the latter 20 .
Government

The headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan chiropractic seminars Government and its twin towers, by Kenzo Tange .
The executive of the city is assured, as in all other prefectures , by a Governor ( 知事 , Chiji ? , sometimes called by abuse of language “Mayor of Tokyo,” because it has in some ways functions for the ancient city of Tokyo today consists of 23 districts ) elected by direct universal suffrage for a term of four years. He appoints to assist him and replace him in the direction of the prefectural administration by three vice-governors (four until June 2009 ) 21 . The metropolitan government has a number of specialized branches by area of expertise (finance, taxation, culture and sport, urban development, public health, among others), to which is added the department of firefighters and the offices of manage utilities prefectural (for transport , water supply and treatment of waste water). Besides that, there are a number of independent commissions in their operation, including specialists and people from civil society, but directly supervised by the Governor (who appoints their directors and including some or all of their members, with approval of the Metropolitan Assembly) are responsible for providing leadership prerogatives prefectural requiring, according to the Japanese political system, a certain neutrality: education, control of electoral procedures at the municipal level, personnel management and labor relations , inspectors audits, expropriation and control the actions of forces of the Metropolitan Police Department of Tokyo .
Depends on the legislature to him of the Metropolitan Assembly ( 都议会 , Togikai ? ) , composed of 127 elected councilors also to direct universal suffrage Block Vote (votes taken at the level of electoral districts, according to their population, each sending more representatives free ipad 3 elected by the voting system to single non-transferable ) for a term of four years, but regardless of the gubernatorial election. She prepares to vote or otherwise abolishes local ordinances, establishes the budget of the prefecture, approves and monitors the activities of prefectural organizations through the audit or confirmation vote of the appointments by the Governor http://www.insuranceforincomeprotection.co.uk/ of the Vice-Governors , office directors and panelists. It may vote against the governor a motion of censure by a majority of three quarters, a quorum of two thirds of all members of the assembly. However, it may remain in place if he dissolved the Assembly in a period of 10 days after the vote on the motion, and if the newly elected local chamber does not confirm the distrust of the executive.

Shintaro Ishihara , 6 th and current governor of Tokyo
Citizens of the prefecture also a power of disallowance of their governor and a request for dismissal, signed by at least one third of citizens registered as voters in the prefecture, is filed with the Election Commission. If the court finds the petition valid, it is subject to the entire electorate in a referendum Tokyo impeachment. If passed by an absolute majority of votes cast, the governor was forced to resign. A similar procedure is popular initiative for the adoption or abolition of an order dissolving the prefectural assembly or removal of prefectural advisors.
Since 1999 , the Governor is Shintaro Ishihara , writer and politician for his controversial stances and often iconoclastic trenches, former member of the Liberal Democratic Party ( right ) but is being presented initially without the support of any party, elected in 2003 and 2007 . He governs the prefecture based primarily on a majority LDP – New Komeito , which controlled, since the election of the Prefectural Assembly in 2005 , 70 seats of 125 in the legislative body of the prefecture. On 12 July 2009 , however, the coalition lost nine seats and thus an absolute majority, while the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), the main opposition party, won in 20 (about 127 seats : 54 for the DPJ, 38 the LDP, New Komeito 23 and 12 for other parties and independents) 22 .
The headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (improperly called “town hall”, as it should designate the administrative headquarters of municipalities), two 50-storey impressive building designed by Kenzo Tange , is located in the district of Shinjuku . It houses the offices of Governor and Administration, and the assembly.
Subdivisions

Map of municipalities of Tokyo: the purple special wards , in the pink city and brown the towns and villages
The prefecture is divided into 23 special wards ( 区 , ku ? ) to the east, in cities ( 市 , shi ? ) in the center and a rural district ( 郡 , gun ? ) west of the prefecture. The islands of the Izu Islands and the islands of Ogasawara in the Pacific Ocean , which are also part of the prefecture of Tokyo, are divided into sub-prefectures .
On the main island of Honshu
The main part of the prefecture on the island of Honshu has 58 municipalities , including 23 special wards and 26 cities , and the four rural municipalities (three villages and a town ) of one district of Tokyo.
Special Districts
The 23 special wards ( 特别区 , Tokubetsu-ku ? ) in the prefecture of Tokyo are full payday loans online municipal districts unlike other cities in Japan . These districts were districts of the old normal “Tokyo” ( 东京市 , Tokyo-shi ? ) until 1943 . At that time, the city of Tokyo has been dissolved and the boroughs have become independent municipalities. They have a similar status to cities (市, shi ) except that certain prerogatives normally qu’exerceraient recent fall in the districts of the metropolis of Tokyo (eg services for firefighters). They are differentiated from other municipalities by their suffix – ku ( ku ? ) . The 23 special wards form what is commonly called the “Tokyo”, although the latter, the administrative point of view, no longer exists.

Tokyo is located on Tokyo Bay , which is open sea on the Pacific Ocean for the largest plain of Japan , that of Kanto , on the east coast of the island of Honshu , at the mouth of several coastal rivers: the Tama west, the Sumida and Arakawa in his heart, the Naka and Edo to the east.
Tokyo prefecture is surrounded by the prefecture of Chiba to the east, that of Kanagawa to the south-west, that of Yamanashi to the west and that of Saitama to the north.
To the southeast lies the Bay of Tokyo . The Tama demarcates the border with Kanagawa Prefecture and has a length of 138 kilometers, its source is in the Tama Hills , west of the prefecture of Tokyo. The river Sumida delineates the borders with the prefectures of Saitama and Chiba , it is the downstream part of the Ara River (or Arakawa ), which http://www.insuranceforcriticalillness.co.uk/ has a length of 173 km.
Tokyo prefecture itself is divided generally into three parts:
the southern end of the Kanto Plain to the east, covered mainly by special districts and some of the cities most eastern of the prefecture,
the Tama Hills and Mountains Okutama west, culminating at Mount Kumotori to 2017 m (with limited Okuchichibu Mountains ), corresponding to most cities of the prefecture and the rural district of Nishitama ,
the islands of the archipelago Nanpo (broadly defined, including the islands of Izu for its northern part and Ogasawara to its southern part) in the Pacific Ocean , where are the four Medical Coding sub-prefectures .
Climate [ change ]

Temperature and Precipitation (2006)
Tokyo live under a humid subtropical climate . The city enjoys mild winters with little or no snow (minimum average of 5 to 6 ° C in January and February). In contrast, the summers are warm (average 26 runescape gold ° C but regularly over 30 ° C ) and very humid. This is mainly due to the intense heat raspberry ketone that a multitude of beverage dispensers ( jidohanbaiki ) are present everywhere in the city.
The Tokyo Bay also suffered two rainy seasons ( tsuyu from early June to mid July and akisame in September and October) and is subject to tropical storms or cyclones between the two: for example, 10 October 2004 , the typhoon Ma- Tokyo Trip Advisor we did a dozen deaths. Was measured winds of 140 km / h and heavy rainfall ( 70 mm in one hour). This cyclone was the twenty-second of the Asia-Pacific area and the ninth to strike directly from Japan in June 2004 . The previous week, Typhoon Meari had 22 dead and six missing .
Weather record of Tokyo (2010)

Seismicity
The Tokyo area is the intersection of three tectonic plates (Philippine plate, the Eurasian plate and the North American plate), which is one of the most seismically active areas of the world, air mattress reviews the Ring of Fire . It identifies an average of an earthquake felt after a day of global records of earthquakes (see the Japan Meteorological Agency and the USGS ) [ref. required] . Almost all of them has negligible consequences.
Some, however, are extremely violent: the 1 st September 1923 , the great Kanto earthquake kills more than 140 000 people and offers nearly 2 million people homeless, destroying much of the city. Its magnitude was estimated at 7.9 on the Richter scale . This phenomenon can be explained when one of three tectonic plates hangs, leading to accumulation of excess energy: when she puts into motion, no no hair removal it is the source of an earthquake. If the three plates froze simultaneously, which is unrealistic but possible, the energy released during their replacement would be such that nothing could resist the shocks: the destruction is total.
According to the research group Team tokyo the last 17 ​​very violent earthquakes have struck every 400 years on average with surprising regularity. There would be a probability of 0 5% that such a quake will occur within 30 years following the study. There would, however, 30% chance that an earthquake is less violent but nevertheless causing extensive damage occurs in the same period 23 . The most devastating earthquake in Tokyo in recent years occurred in 2005 , specifically July 23 at 16:30, and went off into the bay with a magnitude of 5.9 on the Richter scale, causing movements panic but causing no casualties and only moderate damage. This earthquake was the strongest felt in Tokyo since the 1992.
The earthquake of 11 March 2011 on the Pacific coast of Tōhoku was particularly brutal on the Tokyo metropolitan area located approximately 380 km from the epicenter, with an intensity up on the scale of Shindo 5 + (major tremors) on Tokyo and up to 6 – (big shakes) north of the town, an intensity equivalent to an earthquake measuring between 6.0 and 6.5 on the Richter scale would have happened Tokyo at a shallow depth. A roof collapsed on a building in the center of the capital where 600 students were attending a graduation ceremony, leaving many injured, and dozens of fires were reported in the capital. This is the jerk who did the most damage and casualties in the capital since Narita airport 1923.
Tokyo has adopted the latest technological advances in prevention seismic, like these high-tech buildings resting on gigantic steel springs that absorb most of the seismic waves, and thus limit the risk of collapse. There are in Tokyo skyscrapers over 200 meters high. Engineers say they can cope with the most violent shaking, but in fear of a hypothetical cataclysm, extensive drills in size are scheduled regularly. Despite these devices, a magnitude 7 earthquake that would trigger would cause huge losses, both human and material 24 .
National Parks
There are three business email lists national parks in the Tokyo area:
Tamakai Chichibu National Park ;
Ogasawara National Park ;
National Park Fuji-Hakone-Izu .
Urban structure and architecture

The Rainbow Bridge and skyline

Skyscrapers of Shinjuku

The towers in the neighborhood of Kōyōdai Inagi , Tama New Town , emblematic of frenetic development of the west of the prefecture
Tokyo has developed without public centralized planning 25 . The free green smoke coupon city map is very complex and seems to lack unity. Its streets with heterogeneous appearance, and no name for the most part, are a mixture of ultra modern buildings and shacks ageless. All boroughs are divided into neighborhoods that intersect, each with a very specific atmosphere.
Human density is considerable near 65 km. The City Planning is the synthesis between contemporary and historical heritage. He reigns in this huge city an impression of disorder in which the buildings of glass and steel alongside the flimsy paper houses, and where highways form an inextricable network suspended asphalt. The city’s most fashionable parts of Tokyo, densely populated and planted with skyscrapers, are located in the heart of the town sensitive.
In Tokyo, more than half of the building plots are less than 100 m 2 . This explains the increase, since 2000, of “houses bonsai” occupying 50 to 70 m 2 floor. In the center, the lack of space is such that buildings crowd against each other, or even fit them. The streets are mostly narrow, and surface parking and the sidewalk cafes are very rare. The capsule hotels are filling even the smallest plots, where it would otherwise be impossible to build something.
Moreover, the numbering system of buildings in the city is very special: the numbers of buildings are not consecutive in ascending or descending, but rather correspond to their dates of construction.
Tokyo was born from the sea The role of the latter is therefore vital: there are several melaleuca information major Japanese ports. Plains represent only one third of the landmass of the archipelago. Monopolized mostly by farming and forestry, space becomes a crucial issue: the only remedy was intended to gain land from the sea with the creation of polders .
Very little remains of old buildings in Tokyo because of their destruction by the earthquake of 1 st September 1923 and the American bombing of World War II . The few pre-existing historic buildings have been reconstructed for many the same after these two disasters.
As Tokyo, the capital of the world’s most populous, is not long in advanced state of necrosis, or in permanent congestion, is surprising. But it “works” better than other large cities. The evening to return home, most Tokyoites employees carry out one or two hours of travel in crowded trains, which follow one another at a maximum frequency to the “dormitory towns” of the western part of the Metropolis or neighboring prefectures.
To reduce these commuting and develop activities in the suburbs, the government launched in 1950 and 1960 a policy of new towns , the most emblematic is the Tama New Town ( 多摩ニュータウン , Tama Nyūtaun ? ) . Designated new town in 1965 , it covers the municipalities of Hachiōji , Tama , Inagi and Machida , in the Tama Hills and still largely rural west of the metropolis, an area of 28.92 km 2 . The set includes large shopping complexes (including the principal remains the Parthenon Tama ), its proximity services (each of 21 districts that divide the city include 3 000 to 5,000 houses or apartments served by two elementary schools and one college, neighborhood shopping center, a koban , a post office, clinic or other), its universities and colleges, entertainment sites such as theme park covered Sanrio Puroland . If the initial target population (342,200 inhabitants) has not been reached, the Tama New Town remains, with 200,000 inhabitants, the largest residential development in Japan and the symbol of unbridled sprawl and Capital Japanese in the years of Izanagi Boom , immortalized in the film animation of Studio Ghibli Pom Poko . But she failed to become an employment center in its own right and has become a bedroom community additional public transport, and serving as congested by commuting asset to the urban center.
The new solution developed by the authorities deal with this imbalance is reflected in the law for a multipole expansion of the National Territory ( 多极分散型国土形成促进法 , Takyoku busankei Kokudo gyōseisokushin-hō ? ) . cna training It creates in the scope of “Tokyo area” refocused on the Metropolis itself and the four prefectures of Kanto ‘s most populous ( Saitama , Chiba , Ibaraki and Kanagawa ) of “Cities nuclei business” ( 业务核都市 , Gyomu Kakutoshi ? ) , designated by the central government through the ten-year development plans of the Tokyo Disneyland Capital Region. True peers of the urban center in the periphery in terms of jobs and activities, these “cores” business are equipped with a General Plan ( 业务核都市基本方针 , Gyomu Kakutoshi Kihon Hoshin ? ) responsible for define the objectives and “business facilities” ( 业务施设 , Gyomu Shisetsu ? ) or the entire infrastructure, services, activities and enterprises, public or private, to implement 26 . Within the prefecture JASCAS.com of Tokyo, two “Cities nuclei business” have been defined in the western area of the Tama Hills : Hachiōji – Tachikawa (for the Tama New Town ) and Oumé .
Economy

Tokyo is the economic capital, commercial and financial situation. Services, finance and insurance sectors are dominant. For its volume of transactions , the Tokyo Stock Exchange is one of three largest in the world with those of London and New York 27 .
Productivity of the region very important place in Tokyo a world leader in wealth. The GDP total city thus totaled 1191 billion against $ 1,133 billion for New York .
Cost of living
Tokyo is considered one of the most expensive cities in the world, especially in the field of real estate, according to the Bureau of Statistics of Japan , the average price per square meter was 354,100 yen in residential area in 2007 , about 3,000 euros 28 . At the peak of the housing bubble in 1991-1992, the price per square meter in Ginza , business center and business exceeded $ 100 000 . According to the property group Knight Frank and Citi Private Bank, a subsidiary of Citigroup , Tokyo was the fifth most expensive city in the world in 2007 for the price of luxury residential real estate: 17 600 euro per square meter 29 . The company ECA ( Employment Conditions Abroad ) class Tokyo’s first ranking of world cities with the highest rents for a three piece in 2009 and 2010 30 .
The investigation of the firm Mercer on the cost of living for expatriates in Tokyo in the second place position in the world behind Moscow in 2008 31 , in first position ahead of Osaka and Moscow in 2009, 32 , and second only to Luanda in 2010 and 2011 33 , 34 . ACE class Tokyo’s second ranking of the fifty most expensive cities in the world for an expatriate in the second half of 2008 and 2009 behind Luanda, and the first in 2010 and 2011, Nagoya , Yokohama and Kobe each year being in the top 10 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 . In 2007 and the first half of 2008, Tokyo was only the thirteenth of this ranking, the cost of living for expatriates rose following the sharp appreciation of the yen in 2008, 42 , 43 . Economist Intelligence Unit Tokyo premiere of his class ranking 140 cities most expensive in the world for an expatriate in 2011, and the second in 2012 behind Zurich 44 , 45 .
Port City
The capital of Japan is the 7 th download free ringtones here seaport of Japanese goods by the total volume traded, and the 35 th worldwide in 2006 , and the first container port in the country and 26 th in the world in 2007 . But all port activities around its urban area, which includes three neighboring ports of Chiba (east, 2 e cargo port and the Japanese 16 th in total volume traded worldwide), of Yokohama (the west, 3 e cargo port and the Japanese 21 th worldwide in terms of total volume traded, and the two e container port in the country and 28 th worldwide) and to a lesser extent, Kawasaki (in west), due to the Tokyo Bay the largest industrial port complex in the world continuously.
Transportation

Airports

Control tower at the airport at Haneda
Tokyo has two international airports as well as many major cities worldwide, with 102 million passengers in 2007 , making Tokyo the third busiest airport in the world after London and New York .
The Haneda Airport , the first to have been built, partly on an embankment reclaimed from the sea (but not completely unlike the Kansai International Airport ). One of four tracks is even partly built on stilts in the sea The increase in traffic, causing noise and a problem of capacity in the long run, pushed to the Japanese government to open another airport lot farther from the center of the capital (to anticipate the hypothetical growth of the city).
After repeated clashes (expropriations necessary for the construction of the airport were controversial), the Narita International Airport was finally put into service, were meant to be the main platform of Japan to international flights, Haneda is dedicated until October 2010 for domestic flights (and a few international flights, such as Seoul or Shanghai).
Traffic in terms of passengers transported from the Haneda Airport (64.2 million passengers in 2010) is much higher than Narita (32 million in 2010) 46 . This is because the Japanese domestic network is very dense, natural constraints of the many reasons that do not facilitate travel (by road or rail).
Japan is also known to be one of the only countries where aircraft are used in configurations that can accommodate about 500 passengers (like Boeing 747 and Boeing 777) for internal connections (including lines like Tokyo – Osaka , Tokyo – Sapporo and Tokyo – Naha ).
The town is also served by the airport Chofu in western (flights to the islands of the prefecture of Tokyo Izu Oshima , Niijima , Kozushima ) and, since March 2010, the airport Ibaraki northeast is.
Metro & monorail
Metro
Main article: Tokyo Subway .
The Tokyo metropolitan network is operated by two major companies managing a total of 13 lines totaling 307 km to about 290 stations. Regardless of these main lines, adding more lines whose private Yurikamome (the latter being the only automated line). Each year, nearly 3 billion people use the subway in Tokyo, making it an indispensable part of transport within the conurbation. Indeed, the underground network and significantly reduces air traffic and automobile pollution is therefore relatively low compared to other major cities.
Usually cited for his attendance at non-standard saturation limit (especially at peak times), it is easy to put forward to describe the overcrowding of the city. Although in some stations, the “pushers” posted on the docks compress users inside the train to allow the doors close, the Tokyo subway is very efficient and sophisticated. The delinquency rate is very low as elsewhere in the city, and the stations and trains are very clean and maintained regularly.
Monorail
The Tokyo Monorail Haneda Monorail connects or Roppongi in central Tokyo to Haneda Airport. Along about 18 km, the trip has a dozen stations and lasted 15 minutes. This is the monorail line from Japan’s busiest and perhaps the world [ref. required] .
Rail

Shinkansen at Tokyo Station

This article or section contains one or more lists .
The latter would benefit from being written in paragraph form synthetic.
Main stations
Although Tokyo Station is the main intercity train station in Tokyo and welcome all the Shinkansen station is that most of Shinjuku . The latter is the world’s busiest. The stations of Shibuya pop up displays and Ikebukuro are also the busiest station in Tokyo . Akihabara , Ueno and Shinagawa plates are also important in the railway network in Tokyo.
Internal lines in Greater Tokyo
The line called circular Yamanote informally defines the heart of Tokyo.
Metro City: Tokyo Metro network , network Toei .
Network JR : Chuo-Sobu Line , Saikyo Line , Shonan-Shinjuku Line , Keihin Tohoku Line , Chuo Line, Sobu Line , Keiyo Line , Sobu Line Rapid , Yokosuka line .
Private companies: Keihin Electric Express Railway , Tokyu Corporation , Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company .
Lines connecting Tokyo to neighboring prefectures
Network JR : Joban Rapid Line , Joban Line Kanko , Takasaki Line .
Private Companies: Tobu Railway , Railway Hokusō.
The coexistence of public and private lines that many stations (hopefully near) the two network types have the same name.
Lines serving the “Tama Area” (West Zone) in Tokyo
Network JR : Rapid Chūō online, online Ōme line Itsukaichi, Musashino line, Nambu Line, Yokohama line.
private companies: Network Keio Line Hachiko, Tama Toshi Monorail Line, Network Odakyu , Seibu Network .
Lines for long distances
High-speed train: Shinkansen Line Tōkaidō , Shinkansen Line Tōhoku , Joetsu Shinkansen Line , Nagano Shinkansen Line
Network JR : Tōkaidō Main Line , Main Line Tōhoku , Chūō Main Line , Joban Line , Sobu Main Line .
Other lines
Tokyo Monorail Haneda Line , Narita Express , Yurikamome Line , Keikyu Network , Network Keisei Line Toden Arakawa (tram), Tokyo Rinkai Line Kōsoku, Ueno Zoo Monorail, Nippori-Toneri Liner.
Notes: As in the rest of the city (and country) vending machines are a must and can deliver single t

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